Which performance tests typically have the largest sex differences in normative data for adults?

• A. Aerobic endurance tests
• B. Lower-body muscular endurance tests
• C. Flexibility tests
• D. Upper-body strength tests (e.g., bench press 1RM) and grip strength

Answer: (D)

Upper-body strength and grip strength tend to show the largest differences between men and women in normative data for adults. This reflects biology: men generally have more upper-body muscle mass and greater absolute force production, driven by hormonal factors that promote more muscle development in the arms and shoulders. Grip strength, in particular, reliably mirrors overall upper-body strength and thus shows a pronounced gap across ages and populations. In contrast, tests of aerobic endurance, flexibility, and even lower-body endurance or strength typically exhibit smaller sex differences, especially when body size and training are considered, so they don’t show gaps as large as those seen with upper-body strength and grip.