How do normative data and criterion-referenced data differ?

• A. Normative data compare scores to predefined standards or goals.
• B. Normative data compare scores to a reference population.
• C. Normative data are always more valid.
• D. Normative data require larger sample sizes.

Answer: (B)

Normative data measure how a score sits in relation to a larger reference group, revealing where you stand among peers. This is shown by interpreting scores through distributions, producing metrics like percentiles or standard scores. The idea is comparison to others, not to a fixed target.

In contrast, criterion-referenced data judge performance against predefined standards or criteria, focusing on whether a specific level of mastery was achieved rather than how one compares to others. That’s why the option describing comparisons to a reference population best captures normative data.

The other statements describe criterion-based interpretation or make broad claims about validity or sample size that aren’t defining features of normative versus criterion-referenced data.